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A PSYCHOLOGY BOARD REFUSED TO ENDORSE BRAINWASHING
The English Word Brainwashing Dates From 1950
Many People Assume Psychologists Proved It Exists
Researchers Did Not Settle Whether It Exists
Courts And Journals Call It Thought Reform
Its Supporters Say The Techniques Work Without Physical Force
An American Psychological Association Board Rejected A Report In 1987
The Harm Itself Was Not The Question
What Follows Is What Was Actually Tested
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THE WORD AND THE REPORT 🧾
Edward Hunter Published The Word In The Miami Daily News In 1950
He Interviewed Former Prisoners In Hong Kong As A Journalist
The Term Came From A Chinese Phrase Written Xi Nao
Xi Nao Translates Literally As Wash Brain
Hunter Presented It As A Method Of Political Control
Psychologists Later Tried To Test Whether Such A Method Exists
The American Psychological Association Convened A Task Force In 1983
Its Scope Was Deceptive And Indirect Methods Of Persuasion
Margaret Singer Chaired The Group
The Task Force Worked For Roughly Three Years
Members Filed A Final Report In November 1986
The Board Of Social And Ethical Responsibility Reviewed It
That Board Replied To The Task Force On 11 May 1987
Its Memo Said The Board Was Unable To Accept The Report
Scientific Rigor Was What The Board Found Missing
The Same Memo Called It Not Evenhanded
Two Board Members And Two Outside Experts Had Read It
Task Force Members Were Told Not To Imply APA Support
One Paragraph Addressed The Underlying Question Directly
The Board Wrote That It Lacked Enough Information To Take A Position
That Rejection Did Not Dismiss The Complaints
What The Board Declined To Endorse Was One Explanation
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WHAT UNITED STATES COURTS DID ❌
United States Courts Took Up The Same Question Soon After
Expert Witnesses Wanted To Testify About Coercive Persuasion
Federal Courts Screened Scientific Evidence Under The Frye Standard
Frye Required General Acceptance In The Relevant Field
A Federal Appeals Court Rejected Singer's Theory In 1988
The Clearest Ruling Came Two Years Later In California
Steven Fishman Faced Mail Fraud Charges And Claimed Insanity
His Defense Planned To Call Margaret Singer And Richard Ofshe
Judge Lowell Jensen Ruled On 13 April 1990
He Found The Thought Reform Thesis Lacked General Acceptance
Testimony On Coercive Persuasion Was Excluded From The Trial
The Supreme Court Replaced Frye With Daubert In 1993
Daubert Told Federal Judges To Assess Method Rather Than Popularity
Forcible Deprogramming Was Prosecuted Separately
Ted Patrick Removed Group Members For Families Who Hired Him
A Fullerton Court Convicted Him Of False Imprisonment In 1975
He Was Convicted Of Kidnapping Roberta McElfish In 1980
A California Appeal Court Upheld That Conviction In 1981
Civil Suits Followed Those Criminal Ones
Jason Scott Sued Over A Failed Deprogramming In Washington State
A Jury Found For Him In September 1995
The Cult Awareness Network Owed 1 Million Dollars In Punitive Damages
That Judgment Forced The Network Into Bankruptcy
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HOW PEOPLE ACTUALLY LEFT ❓
Researchers Were Measuring Departures While The Courts Argued
Stuart Wright Published A Monograph On Defection In 1987
The Society For The Scientific Study Of Religion Issued It
He Had Already Studied Voluntary Leavers Three Years Earlier
Those Leavers Rarely Used Brainwashing Language
James Lewis And David Bromley Compared Exits In 1987
They Published It In The Journal For The Scientific Study Of Religion
Former Members Were Split By How They Had Left
Some Departed Willingly With No Counseling At All
Others Accepted Voluntary Exit Counseling After Leaving
A Third Group Had Been Deprogrammed Against Their Will
Reported Symptoms Were Lowest In The First Group
The Deprogrammed Group Reported Far More Symptoms Than The Rest
Exit Method Mattered More Than The Group Itself
A 2000 Paper In Clinical Psychology Review Assessed This Work
Aronoff And Two Colleagues Found Distress In A Substantial Minority
They Also Listed Problems With How The Studies Were Done
Those Problems Temper What The Literature Can Show
The Studies Found Distress And Not A Loss Of Choice
